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The first signs of a personal reformist approach

I have described the path from revisionism to pragmatism as sketches for a self-portrait of a "reformist economist." This article was prepared for the "Plan and/or Market" conference, organized in December 1988. The Vienna Institute of Human Rights. The main purpose of the conference was to discuss the specifics of "reformed economies" — how they developed in socialist countries, how their relationships with "basic economic systems" develop, etc. My report was away from attempts to analyze "reformed economies" and instead focused on personal experience. Despite the fact that this text was not specifically written to answer the questions posed by the editors of Acta Economica, it contains, as it seems to me, among other things, some elements of the answers to them.

The first signs of my, so to speak, "reformist approach" appeared at the end of 1953, after the death of I. Stalin, when the "new deal" began to be implemented and a somewhat more realistic picture of the state of the economy appeared. The incentives for this were thus provided by economic reality. The direction of the postulated changes — the modification of the institutional mechanism of the "system" and not only in the priorities of economic policy — followed directly from the obvious inefficiency at the micro level (which was easier to observe) due to a lack of information and incentives. Consequently, it became clear that it was necessary to focus on the growth of initiative, improving structures and conditions for a more informed choice of solutions at the enterprise level. This was realized through the promotion of "synthetic" indicators (such as profitability), the reduction and later the abolition of directive planning and the natural allocation of resources, the activation of the commodity-monetary mechanism, and other measures known today, according to Ya. Kornai, under the term "tightening budget constraints." The conviction that these requirements arose not only from the special Polish conditions was confirmed by my own experience gained during my work in the planning department of a Soviet enterprise during the war and as a result of the gradual development of scientific contacts with economists from other socialist countries (D. Peter from Hungary, the Berlin conference in 1955 and the first articles by E. Lieberman, which appeared at the same time). There was also the ideological influence of capitalism, and as an economist, I developed a "market orientation." Commencer sur une plateforme de paris avec un capital renforcé change complètement l’expérience. Les bonus de bienvenue bien conçus offrent un avantage réel aux nouveaux membres. Au milieu des promotions les plus intéressantes figure le code promo melbet gratuit qui se distingue par sa générosité. En l’utilisant lors de votre inscription, vous obtenez jusqu’à 130 € de bonus sur votre premier dépôt. Ce bonus vous ouvre les portes vers une large gamme d’événements sportifs.